INSIGHT: Understanding F1 Safety Cars

Do you know your SC from your VSC? What exactly is a 'Safety Car Window'? Grab a notepad and read on...

'Making the right strategic choices'

- What makes a Safety Car challenging for the team?

"The biggest challenge a Safety Car (SC) brings to the team is making the right strategy choices. Under the Safety Car the tyres will very quickly become cold. If they are new tyres, that's not much of a problem as they will be back in their operating window fairly quickly after the restart, usually after two or three laps.

"Tyres that are in the middle or the end of their stint are much more difficult in that respect as they will restart slower - or not at all. Without a Safety Car, at regular speeds and temperatures, those tyres would still generate good grip.

"However, once the energy is taken out, there is not enough rubber left on the tyre to restart it. Newer tyres provide more grip because there's more rubber on the tyre and are thus able to generate more energy which will then heat up the tyre quicker.

"Anticipating how the tyres will behave after the end of the Safety Car is challenging as it is very tricky to simulate tyre wear and know how much tyre wear there is during the race.

"So, the decision on whether or not the team thinks the tyre will restart is based mostly on the strategic experience of the team in addition to information about the tyres from the drivers before the Safety Car."

'You are in your Safety Car window'

- How does the team make sure it can react quickly to a Safety Car?

"The strategy group is in a continuous evaluation process, trying to anticipate what would happen if the Safety Car were to come out two, three or even five laps down the line, so that they can make the call on a pit stop as quickly as possible.

"If the team decides the situation in the race offers a good opportunity for a pit stop under a Safety Car, the driver is told 'You are in your Safety Car window'.

"That way the driver knows he can come in without needing further confirmation from the team.

"The pit crew would already be waiting for him because they're on standby as soon as the Safety Car is deployed."

'Restart is especially challenging'

- What is the biggest challenge the Safety Car creates for the drivers?

"For the drivers, the restart of the race is especially challenging. This moment is tricky because the tyres don't just lose temperature under the Safety Car, but also grip.

"F1 tyres generate the most grip in a specific temperature window that is usually well above 100 degrees Celsius. Outside of the temperature window, the grip levels drop quite considerably.

"In order to reach the maximum grip as fast as possible, the tyres are pre-heated to 110 degrees before they go on the car. Under a Safety Car, however, the tyre temperature can easily drop 40 degrees relative to peak, and thus lose a lot of grip.

"So, in terms of grip levels the first laps after a Safety Car are completely different to any other lap the drivers have done all weekend and it is very difficult to find the maximum level of grip.

"In Canada, this is particularly true for the big braking zone into Turn 1 and the Turn 10 hairpin as it is very easy to lock up the tyres. Especially braking into the chicane, it is very likely to see a change in position there as one driver will take more risks than the other."

'Brakes can create quite a challenge'

- How long does it take for the tyres to heat up again?

"Depending on the layout of the track, it will typically take two to three laps to bring the tyres up to temperature again. But in the most extreme cases, it can take much longer than that.

"Baku, for example, is a track that makes it very difficult for the drivers to heat up their tyres as it features a very long straight where the tyres cool down and a lot of slow corners that don't generate a lot of energy into the tyres.

- Are there any other challenges for the drivers?

"Brakes can also create quite a challenge under a Safety Car. When the brakes are already hot, they're at risk of overheating as they require airflow for cooling.

"Due to the slower speeds under the Safety Car, the airflow and thus the cooling effect is limited, so the brakes can easily overheat.

"Cold brakes, on the other hand, aren't great either as the brakes work best when they're warm. So, the drivers might try and generate temperature into the brakes using various driving techniques. This, however, is difficult to control as it is extremely easy to generate very hot brakes, due to no airflow coming in."

'Drivers cannot go flat-out for all 70 laps'

- Are there any benefits to a Safety Car?

"The Safety Car is deployed 'whenever there is an immediate hazard but the conditions do not require the race to be interrupted'.

"It ensures the safety of the marshals around the track and the extra safety is certainly the biggest benefit from deploying the Safety Car.

"However, there are some collateral benefits for the teams - for example, with fuel saving.

"A track like the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal is fuel limited, meaning that the drivers cannot go flat-out for all 70 laps of the Canadian Grand Prix and will have to do some form of fuel saving to make it to the end on the 105 kg fuel allowance.

"Under a Safety Car, the drivers can save fuel which they can then use for maximum performance later when the race gets going again."

'Laps under SC took roughly 60% longer'

- How much slower is the Safety Car?

"That depends on the track. Last year in Canada, the Safety Car came out at the very beginning of the race after a crash on the opening lap at Turn 3. Under the Safety Car, Lewis did lap times of over two minutes (2:02.231 on lap 2).

"Even with relatively cold tyres in his first lap after the Safety Car he did a 1:18.135, compared to 1:16.296 with warmer tyres in lap 10. So, the lap under the SC took roughly 60 percent longer.

"The speed differences between the Safety Car and a Formula One car depend on the area of the track. On a regular lap, an F1 car will take Turn 3 in Canada at roughly 125 kph; under the SC, however, they do only 45 kph.

"The difference in the hairpin (Turn 10) is roughly 15 kph (65kph vs 50kph under the SC). But it's not just the cornering speeds that are limited under the Safety Car, it's also acceleration and top speed.

"Last year, F1 cars took the speed trap before Turn 13 at over 300 kph but clocked in "only" 255 kph under the Safety Car.

"Wide Open Throttle (WOT) time is also affected by the Safety Car - on a regular lap, WOT time around Montreal accounts for over 50 percent of the lap; under the Safety Car it's only about two percent.

"The slower laps under the SC are also reflected in the gear shifts. Drivers shift through the gears roughly 80 times on a regular lap in Canada, but only 50 times under the Safety Car."

'The VSC doesn't bunch the field'

- What are the main differences and similarities between a Safety Car and the Virtual Safety Car (VSC)?

"In general, the VSC and the Safety Car are quite similar. Both will bring down the tyre temperatures, both will make the restart tricky.

"However, the VSC is usually less challenging for the team because the cars travel faster and thus the drop in tyre temperature is not as steep as it is under the Safety Car.

"This effect is intensified by the fact that a regular Safety Car typically lasts about four laps, but a VSC only tends to last one to two.

"The VSC also doesn't bunch the field up, so on the restart the next driver should be the same distance behind as before the VSC was deployed."